Bridging Continents: Inbound Investment from Korea to Australia

Singapore Inbound Investments Report
  • Report
  • 10 minute read
  • February 01, 2025

Over the past decade, the economic relationship between Korea and Australia has significantly deepened, with Korea becoming Australia's fourth-largest two-way trading partner. This strong economic partnership is further reinforced by substantial and consistent Korean investments in Australia, particularly in sectors such as energy, utilities, resources, and renewable energy. These investments underscore the natural economic complementarities and the trusted relationships at both government and business levels that have developed over the years. While Korean investments have traditionally been concentrated in the resources sector, there is an increasing trend towards diversification into other areas, such as healthcare and the retail and consumer sectors. 

 

This report delves into the diverse nature of these investments, highlighting their impact on various sectors of the Australian economy and their crucial role in fostering growth and innovation.

Korea's Outbound Investment by Destination

  • In FY23, the United States emerged as the leading destination for Korean companies accounting for US$27.8 billion of the total overseas investments. This was followed by the Cayman Islands with US$10.9 billion investments and Luxemburg with US$4.9 billion investments. Australia, however, ranked 16th with US$0.7 billion in investments. In 2023, the total investments stood at US$64.5 billion down by 22.2% from US$81.6 billion as of the end of 2022.​
  • Korea's overseas foreign direct investment in 2023 saw a decline in most sectors, including finance and insurance (US$26.4 billion, down by 15.5%), manufacturing (US$20.5 billion, down by 19.7%), real estate and renting (US$4.2 billion, down by 42.6%), and wholesale and retail sales (US$2.6 billion, down by 2.5%), except for mining, which increased by 40.1% to US$3.5 billion.​
    • The decline was due to high global interest rates, an economic slowdown in China, and geopolitical risks in Europe. Meanwhile, Korean companies are strategically investing in advanced industries in the USA, such as semiconductors and batteries, to enhance their position and influence within global supply chains.​
  • K-SURE (The Korea Trade Insurance Corporation), founded in 1992 to promote trade and overseas investment for Korean businesses, provides substantial support for Korean companies engaged in international transactions. Recently, it entered a three-year partnership with the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) to boost overseas direct investment, especially in eco-friendly sectors like renewable energy technologies and critical minerals. This collaboration includes joint insurance coverage and regular capacity-building efforts to support major projects in key economies.​

  • Major Korean investors in Australia include POSCO, the Korean Gas Company (KOGAS), SK E&S and Korea Zinc. Opportunities exist for investment in critical minerals, as Korea ramps up its investment in low-emissions technology to achieve its net zero carbon emissions target by 2050.

Korea's Inbound Investment in Australia

Key Highlights

  • Investment Value: Korean investment in Australia experienced major fluctuations, with significant peaks in 2021 (A$3,401.4 million), 2017 (A$989.0 million), and 2019 (A$819.2 million), and notable lows in 2016 (A$113.0 million) and 2020 (A$10.3 million). The peak in 2021 was largely due to the National Pension Service's A$1,200.0 million acquisition of Melbourne Quarter Tower and POSCO International's A$1.15 billon acquisition of Senex Energy.

  • Number of Deals: Over the past decade, Korean investments in Australia have seen significant fluctuations, reaching a peak in 2021 with nine deals. Since then, investment activity has stabilised but remains positive, indicating continued economic collaboration between Korea and Australia despite the variations.​

  • Investment Rank: Korea's investment in Australia has seen significant growth, increasing from A$12.8 billion in 2011 to A$29.3 billion in 2023, positioning it as the 19th largest foreign investor in the country. While major investments have traditionally been concentrated in the EUR sector, there is a recent trend towards diversification into other areas, such as Manufacturing and Real Estate.​

  • Key Sectors: Korean investments in Australia are predominantly focused on Real Estate (24.5%), Industrials (18.4%), and EUR (18.4%) sectors, evidenced by considerable transaction numbers and deal values. Real Estate stands out with the most transactions and high investment amounts, underscoring its appeal to Korean investors. Industrials also show substantial investment, while EUR, despite fewer transactions, boasts the highest deal value, suggesting large-scale investments.

Korea inbound snapshot

47

Closed deals (2014-24)

19th

Foreign investment ranking (2023)

24.5%

Investment in Real Estate

6th

FIRB approval ranking (2023)

Major Deals by Sectors

Industrial

Industrials sector completed deals

There were 9 inbound investments from Korea in the sector in the last decade. Some of the most significant transactions have been included below.

Relectrify

Hysata, closed an A$168.8 million series B

Australian Strategic Materials (ASM)

Relectrify

First Quantum Minerals

POSCO

Innocean Worldwide

Hanwha Corporation

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Retail & Consumer

Retail & Consumer sector completed deals

In the Retail & Consumer sector in Australia, there were 7 M&A deals with investment from Korea in the past decade. Some of the most significant transactions have been included below.

DRAX INC

Nature Holdings Co Ltd

AMOREPACIFIC Group

Lotte DF Global Co., Ltd

Hankook Tire Co., Ltd.

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Energy, Utilities & Resources

EUR sector completed deals

In the Energy, Utilities and Resources sector (EUR) sector in Australia, there were 9 inbound investments from Korea in multiple subsectors in the past decade.

LG Energy Solution Ltd

LG Energy Solution Ltd

An investor group

Ark Energy

POSCO International Corporation

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Healthcare

Healthcare sector completed deals

In the Healthcare sector in Australia, there were 4 M&A deals with investments from Korea in the past decade. Some of the most significant transactions have been included below.

CJ Bioscience Inc

Komipharm International Co Ltd

Australian NFT startup

SIS India

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Financials

Financials sector completed deals

In the Financials sector in Australia, there were 6 inbound investments from Korea in the past decade. Some of the most significant transactions have been included below.

Mirae Asset Financial Group

Mirae Asset Global Investments Co., Ltd

CEFC led a A$16.0 million Series A funding for Bolt Bikes

JB Financial Group Co., Ltd.

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Tech, Media & Telecom

TMT sector completed deals

In the TMT sector in Australia, there were 2 M&A deals with investments from Korea in the past decade, which have been included below.

Australian NFT startup

Car Next Door

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Real Estate

Real Estate sector completed deals

In the Real Estate sector in Australia, there were 12 inbound investments from Korea in the past decade. Some of the most significant transactions have been included below.​

National Pension Fund

Australian NFT startup

Fund manager

South Korea’s Teachers Pension fund

RF Capital and CorVal Partners

Louisa Lawson

Korean property investment firm

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Key Investment Sectors

Industrials Sector​

  • Korean investments in Australia's industrial sector have seen inconsistent activity over the last ten years, with notable spikes in 2019, 2021 and 2024 with deal values worth A$236.4, A$581.1 and A$211.3 million respectively due to strategic interests and favorable market conditions. However, certain years, including 2022 and 2023, saw no deals, indicating periods of diminished interest or limited opportunities.​

  • POSCO, the world’s sixth-largest steelmaker and key supplier of lithium-ion battery materials, aims to produce 605,000 tonnes of cathodes and 320,000 tonnes of anodes by 2030. To support this goal, in 2021, POSCO invested US$240 million for a 30% stake in Australia's Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine.​

  • LG Energy Solutions, Samsung, and SK Innovation Innovation have formed substantial manufacturing partnerships in Australia, especially in the EV battery market, capturing a significant share of the market.​

EUR Sector​

  • Over the last decade, Korean investments in Australia's critical minerals sector have surged, driven by a strategic focus on securing supplies for renewable energy and electric vehicles. This growth also aligns with a broader agreement to strengthen critical mineral supply chains between Australia and Korea.​

  • State-owned enterprises like Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation (KOMIR) and Export-Import Bank of Korea (KEXIM) will spearhead high-risk exploration initiatives and conduct preliminary feasibility studies before involving private entities. The Korean government aims to enhance public financing options, with KEXIM providing direct loans for foreign investments and Korea Trade Insurance Corporation (K-SURE) offering debt and insurance coverage for mining activities, processing, and imports.​

Key Enablers and Linkages

Trade Relations

In 2023, Korea was Australia's fourth-largest trading partner (A$70.9 billion), representing 5.8% of Australia's total trade and third-largest export market (A$43.6 billion). The main export from Korea to Australia was refined petroleum products (A$16 billion). Australia's exports to Korea have grown at an annual rate of 18.4% over the past 5 years, rising from A$26 billion in 2017 to A$60.6 billion in 2022.

The Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA)

The Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA) is a bilateral trade agreement that came into force on December 12, 2014. It aims to enhance economic ties between Korea and Australia by eliminating or reducing tariffs on a wide range of goods and services, fostering greater trade and investment opportunities.

Comprehensive Strategic Partnership

In 2021, Australia and Korea elevated their diplomatic relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, that aims to deepen collaboration in defense, cybersecurity, maritime security, nuclear non-proliferation, trade, digital economy, space exploration, and cultural exchange, underpinned by shared democratic values and mutual interests.​

Australia Korea Foundation Strategic Plan 2020-2025

This was established to enhance bilateral relations through increased public awareness, partnership development, and engagement capacity between Australia and Korea. The Australia Foundation offers annual grants ranging from A$10,000-A$50,000 to support projects advancing Australia's engagement with Korea across various fields including business, education, arts/culture.​

Potential Headwinds and Tailwinds

Tailwinds

Several major agreements such as the Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA), the Australia-Republic of Korea 2+2 Joint Statement, and the NT-KOMIR Critical Minerals Pact, are enhancing Korean business engagement with Australia's economy. These frameworks collectively promote trade, investment, and strategic partnerships

Korea's investment in Australia has grown significantly, rising from A$12.8 billion in 2011 to A$29.3 billion in 2023, making it the 19th largest foreign investor in the country. The Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA) has been instrumental in securing and expanding these investments, reflecting Korean businesses' confidence in Australia's economic stability. KAFTA's favorable terms have encouraged Korean firms to diversify into sectors like technology, renewable energy, and critical minerals, while offering strong protections for intellectual property and dispute resolution.

Australia is attracting investment in its critical minerals sector, focusing on securing partnerships for processing and refining minerals essential for clean energy technologies, such as lithium and rare earths. As demand for these minerals has grown due to energy transition, Australia is playing a crucial role in the global supply chain. ​

Headwinds

Korean investors are encountering fierce competition from other foreign investors, which is driving up asset prices, initiating bidding wars, and restricting access to prime opportunities, especially in high-demand sectors such as mining, energy, and real estate. This heightened competitive pressure raises costs and risks, making it more challenging for Korean investors to secure favorable deals and achieve their long-term objectives.

Korean companies are increasingly wary of direct investment in Australian resource projects due to regulatory challenges. In 2023, Australia passed legislation requiring major polluters to cut emissions progressively and new gas fields to offset emissions from day one, potentially raising costs. Additionally, in May 2024, Australia announced reforms to its foreign investment framework, increasing scrutiny on foreign investments in critical minerals while speeding up approvals in low-risk sectors to boost economic growth. Also, Korean defence manufacturer Hanwha's $1.0 billion bid for the navy shipbuilder Austal was rejected over concerns that it would likely face challenges in securing the necessary regulatory approvals.

Project delays, often caused by regulatory setbacks and legal challenges, are emerging as significant headwinds for Korean investment in Australia. These delays, exemplified by the prolonged hold on the Barossa LNG project, have resulted in substantial financial losses for investors like SK E&S. The increasing difficulty in obtaining timely approvals and the unpredictability of licensing decisions are leading Korean companies to perceive a heightened sovereign risk in investing in Australian resource projects.

Emerging Opportunities, Trends and Consideration

Agriculture

  • The Australia-Korea relationship in food and agriculture is thriving, with agriculture being a key focus of both, the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and KAFTA. Significant investments in Queensland's beef industry by Korean firms, including Lotte International and CJ CheilJedang, are driving this collaboration forward.​

  • Korea-based GeenPlus opened a hybrid farm in Western Australia to tap into Australia’s A$15.6 billion a year horticulture sector.​

  • Australia-based Griffith University has partnered with the Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion Agency (KOAT) and Earthfix Australia on a new high-tech smart farm in Queensland to assess new ways of farming using advanced technology and thus, maximise crop productivity.​

Critical Minerals

  • The Australian Critical Minerals Strategy 2023-2030 focuses on expanding the sector through onshore value creation, renewable energy, and sustainable supply chains. Australia seeks investment from allies like Korea in critical mineral projects essential for green energy and vulnerable to supply chain disruptions.
  • Alliance Nickel signed an agreement with Samsung SDI for the offtake of battery-grade nickel and cobalt sulphate products from its NiWest project in Western Australia. Also, Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Minerals Resources Corporation (KOMIR) is acquiring a 30% stake in the Lefroy Lithium Project in Western Australia's Eastern Goldfields which has been approved by the Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) of Australia.

Clean Energy

  • Building resilient supply chains and accelerating the transition to clean energy has become increasingly important for Korea and Australia, as preserving energy security for clean energy is a key priority for both countries.
  • To meet its 2050 net zero goals, Korea has a growing demand for Australian hydrogen. Korea Zinc, the world's largest zinc refinery, plans to import over 500,000 tonnes of hydrogen annually from Queensland to power its factory.​

  • A consortium led by Samsung secured a $10 billion green ammonia project in Australia, with plans to export hydrogen to Korea. The project aims to produce 200,000 tonnes of green hydrogen by 2027 and start exporting green ammonia to Korea by 2029.​

Defence

  • Australia and Korea signed MOUs to deepen the defence partnership between the ROK Navy, Army and Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force.​

  • There are ongoing investments in joint defence science and technology (S&T) research projects to promote cooperation and grow under force modernisation and innovation on both sides.
  • Korea-based Hanwha Corporation’s subsidiary, Hanwha Defence Australia, is constructing the Armoured Vehicle Centre of Excellence at Avalon, Victoria. Hanwha will also deliver Redback Infantry Fighting Vehicles under a US$2.4 billion contract for the Australian army.

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)

Korea and Australia have entered into several MOUs in recent years to enhance their bilateral relationships

2024 Australia-Republic of Korea 2+2 Joint Statement

The Australian and Korean governments engaged in discussions on Indo-Pacific strategies, defense cooperation, and regional matters, reaffirming their commitment to strong bilateral and multilateral collaboration as aligned partners in the Indo-Pacific region.

2024 NT-KOMIR Critical Minerals Pact

The NT Government signed a MoU with the Korean Government via the Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Minerals Resources Corporation (KOMIR) to establish a comprehensive framework for cooperation based on mutual benefit for NT and Korea.

2023​ NT’s MoU for new large-scale green energy project

NT signed a two-year MoU with Korea's Samsung C&T to develop a large-scale green energy project, targeting the growing demand for green energy in the Asia-Pacific region.

2023 Collaboration between Korea Eximbank and Export Finance Australia

The Export-Import Bank of Korea (Korea Eximbank) signed an MoU with Export Finance Australia (EFA) to collaborate on stabilising the core mineral supply chain. If Korean companies invest in Australian minerals such as lithium and nickel used in batteries, both Korea Eximbank and EFA have agreed to provide joint financial support. 

2023​ WA’s MoU with KIGAM

The McGowan Government, through the Minerals Research Institute of Western Australia (MRIWA), signed a MoU with the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) focused on research and development across the entire mining value chain with a particular focus on critical minerals.

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